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<p>Articles in <a href="List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">economics journals</a> are usually classified according to <b>JEL classification codes</b>, which derive from the <i><a href="Journal_of_Economic_Literature" title="Journal of Economic Literature">Journal of Economic Literature</a></i>. The <i>JEL</i> is published quarterly by the <a href="American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a> (AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations. The AEA maintains <a href="EconLit" title="EconLit">EconLit</a>, a searchable data base of citations for articles, books, reviews, dissertations, and working papers classified by JEL codes for the years from 1969. A recent addition to EconLit is indexing of economics journal articles from 1886 to 1968<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parallel to the print series <i>Index of Economic Articles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

<p>There are 20 primary JEL categories:<sup id="cite_ref-AEA-JEL-2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEA-JEL-2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>JEL Codes<sup class=" nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Alpha"><a href="#endnote_Alpha">[α]</a></sup>

</th>

<th>General Categories<sup class=" nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Beta"><a href="#endnote_Beta">[β]</a></sup>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>General Economics and Teaching

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History of Economic Thought</a>, <a href="Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Economic Methodology</a>, and <a href="Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox Approaches</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Microeconomics

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>International Economics

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Financial Economics

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Public Economics

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a>, <a href="Economics_of_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of education">Education</a>, and <a href="Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Labor_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor economics">Labor Economics</a> and <a href="Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic Economics</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Law and Economics

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Industrial Organization

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Business Administration and <a href="Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business Economics</a> • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Economic History

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic Development</a>, <a href="Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a>, <a href="Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological Change</a>, and <a href="Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Growth</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Economic Systems

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agriculture</a> and <a href="Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural Resource Economics</a> • <a href="Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a> and <a href="Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological Economics</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Urban, Rural, Regional, <a href="Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Real Estate</a>, and Transportation Economics

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Y._Miscellaneous_Categories">Miscellaneous Categories</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Z._Other_Special_Topics">Other Special Topics</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<dl><dt>JEL Subcategories<sup class=" nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Alpha"><a href="#endnote_Alpha">[α]</a></sup></dt>

<p>Each JEL primary category has secondary and tertiary subcategories, for example, under JEL: D – Microeconomics:

</p>

<dl><dd>JEL: D1 – Household Behavior and Family Economics

<dl><dd>JEL: D11 – Consumer Economics: Theory<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>JEL code (sub)categories, including periodic updates, are referenced at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100405035000/http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.php">Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) Classification System</a>. Links to definitions of (sub)categories are at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php">JEL Classification Codes Guide</a> with corresponding examples of article titles linked to publication information, such as <a href="Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">abstracts</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2></div>

<p>Articles in economics journals also list JEL codes (for example <a href="#JEL:_B">JEL: B12</a>), facilitating their use across <a href="Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a>. Comprehensive uses of JEL (sub)classifications include:

</p>

<dl><dd>• <i><a href="The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, 2008, v. 8, Appendix IV, pp. 854–69, and for the online version by drilling to the primary, secondary, or tertiary JEL code of interest <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/advanced_search">here</a> and pressing the Search button below it for article-preview links .</dd>

<dd>• <a href="National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> Working Papers abstracts by year via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/jel/">links</a></dd>

<dd>• <a href="Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">Research Papers in Economics</a> via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/jelsearch.pf">links</a>.</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="JEL_categories">JEL categories</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A._General_Economics_and_Teaching"> A. General Economics and Teaching</h3></div>

<p>A1 <a href="Economics" title="Economics">General Economics</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>A10 <a href="Economics" title="Economics">General</a></dd>

<dd>A11 Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists</dd>

<dd>A12 Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines</dd>

<dd>A13 <a href="Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Relation of Economics to Social Values</a></dd>

<dd>A14 <a href="Sociology_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of Economics">Sociology of Economics</a></dd>

<dd>A19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>A2 <a href="Economics_education" title="Economics education">Economic Education and Teaching of Economics</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>A20 General</dd>

<dd>A21 Pre-college</dd>

<dd>A22 Undergraduate</dd>

<dd>A23 Graduate</dd>

<dd>A29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>A3 Collective Works

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>A30 General</dd>

<dd>A31 Collected Writings of Individuals</dd>

<dd>A32 Collective Volumes</dd>

<dd>A33 <a href="Economics_handbooks" title="Economics handbooks">Handbooks</a></dd>

<dd>A39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="B._History_of_Economic_Thought,_Methodology,_and_Heterodox_Approaches"> B. History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>B00 General</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>B1 History of Economic Thought through 1925

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>B10 <a href="History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">General</a></dd>

<dd>B11 Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)</dd>

<dd>B12 Classical (includes Adam Smith)</dd>

<dd>B13 <a href="Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)</a></dd>

<dd>B14 <a href="History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialist</a> • <a href="Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist</a></dd>

<dd>B15 <a href="Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a> • <a href="Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a> • <a href="Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></dd>

<dd>B16 <a href="Mathematical_economics#History" title="Mathematical economics">Quantitative and Mathematical</a></dd>

<dd>B17 International Trade and Finance</dd>

<dd>B19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>B2 History of Economic Thought since 1925

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>B20 <a href="History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">General</a></dd>

<dd>B21 <a href="Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></dd>

<dd>B22 <a href="Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></dd>

<dd>B23 Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies</dd>

<dd>B24 <a href="History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialist</a> • <a href="Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist</a> • <a href="Piero_Sraffa#Major_works" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffian</a></dd>

<dd>B25 <a href="Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a> • <a href="Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a> • <a href="Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a> • <a href="Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a> • Stockholm School</dd>

<dd>B26 Financial Economics</dd>

<dd>B27 International Trade and Finance</dd>

<dd>B29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>B3 History of Economic Thought: Individuals

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>B30 <a href="History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">General</a></dd>

<dd>B31 Individuals</dd>

<dd>B32 Obituaries</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>B4 <a href="Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Economic Methodology</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>B40 General</dd>

<dd>B41 <a href="Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Economic Methodology</a></dd>

<dd>B49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>B5 <a href="Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Current Heterodox Approaches</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>B50 <a href="Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">General</a></dd>

<dd>B51 <a href="History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialist</a> • <a href="Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist</a> • <a href="Piero_Sraffa#Major_works" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffian</a></dd>

<dd>B52 <a href="Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a> • <a href="Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a> • <a href="Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></dd>

<dd>B53 <a href="Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></dd>

<dd>B54 <a href="Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist Economics</a></dd>

<dd>B55 <a href="Social_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Economics">Social Economics</a></dd>

<dd>B59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C._Mathematical_and_Quantitative_Methods"> C. Mathematical and Quantitative Methods</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>C00 General</dd>

<dd>C01 <a href="Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></dd>

<dd>C02 <a href="Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical Methods</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>C1 Econometric and <a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistical Methods and Methodology</a>: General

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>C10 General</dd>

<dd>C11 Bayesian Analysis: General</dd>

<dd>C12 <a href="Hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothesis testing">Hypothesis Testing</a>: General</dd>

<dd>C13 <a href="Estimation_theory" title="Estimation theory">Estimation</a>: General</dd>

<dd>C14 <a href="Semiparametric_model" title="Semiparametric model">Semiparametric</a> and <a href="Non-parametric_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-parametric statistics">Nonparametric</a> Methods: General</dd>

<dd>C15 <a href="Simulation" title="Simulation">Statistical Simulation</a> Methods: General</dd>

<dd>C18 Methodological Issues: General</dd>

<dd>C19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>C2 Single Equation Models • Single Variables

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>C20 <a href="Single_equation_methods_(econometrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Single equation methods (econometrics)">General</a></dd>

<dd>C21 <a href="Cross-sectional_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-sectional analysis">Cross-Sectional Models</a> • <a href="Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial Models</a> • <a href="Effect_size" title="Effect size">Treatment Effect Models</a> • <a href="Quantile_regression" title="Quantile regression">Quantile Regressions</a></dd>

<dd>C22 <a href="Time_series" title="Time series">Time-Series Models</a> • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes</dd>

<dd>C23 <a href="Panel_data" title="Panel data">Panel Data Models</a> • Spatio-temporal Models</dd>

<dd>C24 <a href="Truncated_regression_model" title="Truncated regression model">Truncated</a> and <a href="Censored_regression_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Censored regression models">Censored</a> Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models</dd>

<dd>C25 <a href="Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Discrete Regression</a> and <a href="Discrete_choice" title="Discrete choice">Qualitative Choice Models</a> • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities</dd>

<dd>C26 Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation</dd>

<dd>C29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>C3 Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>C30 <a href="Simultaneous_equation_methods_(econometrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simultaneous equation methods (econometrics)">General</a></dd>

<dd>C31 <a href="Cross-sectional_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-sectional analysis">Cross-Sectional Models</a> • <a href="Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial Models</a> • <a href="Effect_size" title="Effect size">Treatment Effect Models</a> • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models</dd>

<dd>C32 <a href="Time_series" title="Time series">Time-Series Models</a> • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models</dd>

<dd>C33 <a href="Panel_data" title="Panel data">Panel Data Models</a> • Spatio-temporal Models</dd>

<dd>C34 <a href="Truncated_regression_model" title="Truncated regression model">Truncated</a> and <a href="Censored_regression_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Censored regression models">Censored Models</a> • Switching Regression Models</dd>

<dd>C35 <a href="Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Discrete Regression</a> and <a href="Discrete_choice" title="Discrete choice">Qualitative Choice Models</a> • <a href="Poisson_regression" title="Poisson regression">Discrete Regressors</a> • Proportions</dd>

<dd>C36 Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation</dd>

<dd>C38 Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models</dd>

<dd>C39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>C4 Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>C40 General</dd>

<dd>C41 <a href="Survival_analysis" title="Survival analysis">Duration Analysis</a> • Optimal Timing Strategies</dd>

<dd>C43 <a href="Index_(economics)" title="Index (economics)">Index Numbers</a> and <a href="Aggregation_problem" title="Aggregation problem">Aggregation</a></dd>

<dd>C44 <a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations Research</a> • <a href="Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Statistical Decision Theory</a></dd>

<dd>C45 <a href="Artificial_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural networks">Neural Networks and Related Topics</a></dd>

<dd>C46 <a href="Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">Specific Distributions</a> • Specific Statistics</dd>

<dd>C49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>C5 Econometric Modeling

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>C50 <a href="Econometric_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Econometric models">General</a></dd>

<dd>C51 <a href="Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Model Construction and Estimation</a></dd>

<dd>C52 <a href="Model_selection" title="Model selection">Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection</a></dd>

<dd>C53 <a href="Economic_forecasting" title="Economic forecasting">Forecasting and Prediction Methods</a> • <a href="Simulation#Economics_simulation" title="Simulation">Simulation Methods</a></dd>

<dd>C54 Quantitative Policy Modeling</dd>

<dd>C55 Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis</dd>

<dd>C57 Econometrics of Games and Auctions</dd>

<dd>C58 Financial Econometrics</dd>

<dd>C59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>C6 Mathematical Methods • <a href="Mathematical_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical programming">Programming Models</a> • <a href="Mathematical_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modeling">Mathematical</a> and <a href="Simulation_modeling" title="Simulation modeling">Simulation Modeling</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>C60 <a href="Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">General</a></dd>

<dd>C61 <a href="Optimization_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization (mathematics)">Optimization Techniques</a> • <a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">Programming Models</a> • <a href="Dynamical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamical systems">Dynamic Analysis</a></dd>

<dd>C62 <a href="Existence_theorem" title="Existence theorem">Existence</a> and <a href="Stability_theory" title="Stability theory">Stability Conditions</a> of <a href="Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">Equilibrium</a></dd>

<dd>C63 <a href="Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational Techniques</a> • <a href="Simulation_modeling" title="Simulation modeling">Simulation Modeling</a></dd>

<dd>C65 Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools</dd>

<dd>C67 <a href="Input-output_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Input-output model">Input–Output Models</a></dd>

<dd>C68 <a href="Computable_general_equilibrium" title="Computable general equilibrium">Computable General Equilibrium Models</a></dd>

<dd>C69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>C7 Game Theory and Bargaining Theory

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>C70 General</dd>

<dd>C71 <a href="Cooperative_game_theory" title="Cooperative game theory">Cooperative Games</a></dd>

<dd>C72 <a href="Noncooperative_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Noncooperative game">Noncooperative Games</a></dd>

<dd>C73 <a href="Stochastic_game" title="Stochastic game">Stochastic</a> and <a href="Dynamic_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic game">Dynamic Games</a> • <a href="Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary Games</a> • Repeated Games</dd>

<dd>C78 <a href="Bargaining" title="Bargaining">Bargaining Theory</a> • <a href="Matching_theory_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matching theory (economics)">Matching Theory</a></dd>

<dd>C79 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>C8 Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • <a href="Computer_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer programs">Computer Programs</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>C80 <a href="Economic_data" title="Economic data">General</a></dd>

<dd>C81 <a href="Survey_sampling" title="Survey sampling">Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data</a> • Data Access</dd>

<dd>C82 <a href="Official_statistics" title="Official statistics">Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data</a> • Data Access</dd>

<dd>C83 Survey Methods • Sampling Methods</dd>

<dd>C87 <a href="Econometric_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Econometric software">Econometric Software</a></dd>

<dd>C88 <a href="Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">Other Computer Software</a></dd>

<dd>C89 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>C9 Design of Experiments

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>C90 <a href="Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">General</a></dd>

<dd>C91 <a href="Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Laboratory, Individual Behavior</a></dd>

<dd>C92 <a href="Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Laboratory, Group Behavior</a></dd>

<dd>C93 <a href="Field_experiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Field experiments">Field Experiments</a></dd>

<dd>C99 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="D._Microeconomics"> D. Microeconomics</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>D00 <a href="Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">General</a></dd>

<dd>D01 Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles</dd>

<dd>D02 Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact</dd>

<dd>D03 Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles</dd>

<dd>D04 Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>D1 Household Behavior and Family Economics

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>D10 General</dd>

<dd>D11 Consumer Economics: Theory</dd>

<dd>D12 Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis</dd>

<dd>D13 Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation</dd>

<dd>D14 Household Saving • Personal Finance</dd>

<dd>D15 Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving</dd>

<dd>D16 Collaborative Consumption</dd>

<dd>D18 Consumer Protection</dd>

<dd>D19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>D2 Production and Organizations

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>D20 General</dd>

<dd>D21 Firm Behavior: Theory</dd>

<dd>D22 Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis</dd>

<dd>D23 Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights</dd>

<dd>D24 Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity</dd>

<dd>D25 Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing</dd>

<dd>D29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>D3 Distribution

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>D30 General</dd>

<dd>D31 Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions</dd>

<dd>D33 Factor Income Distribution</dd>

<dd>D39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>D4 Market Structure, Pricing, and Design

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>D40 General</dd>

<dd>D41 Perfect Competition</dd>

<dd>D42 Monopoly</dd>

<dd>D43 Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection</dd>

<dd>D44 Auctions</dd>

<dd>D45 Rationing • Licensing</dd>

<dd>D46 Value Theory</dd>

<dd>D47 Market Design</dd>

<dd>D49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>D5 General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>D50 General</dd>

<dd>D51 Exchange and Production Economies</dd>

<dd>D52 Incomplete Markets</dd>

<dd>D53 Financial Markets</dd>

<dd>D57 Input–Output Tables and Analysis</dd>

<dd>D58 Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models</dd>

<dd>D59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>D6 Welfare Economics

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>D60 General</dd>

<dd>D61 Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis</dd>

<dd>D62 Externalities</dd>

<dd>D63 Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement</dd>

<dd>D64 Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers</dd>

<dd>D69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>D7 Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>D70 General</dd>

<dd>D71 Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations</dd>

<dd>D72 Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior</dd>

<dd>D73 Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption</dd>

<dd>D74 Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions</dd>

<dd>D78 Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation</dd>

<dd>D79 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>D8 Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>D80 General</dd>

<dd>D81 Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty</dd>

<dd>D82 Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design</dd>

<dd>D83 Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness</dd>

<dd>D84 Expectations • Speculations</dd>

<dd>D85 Network Formation and Analysis: Theory</dd>

<dd>D86 Economics of Contract: Theory</dd>

<dd>D87 Neuroeconomics</dd>

<dd>D89 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>D9 Micro-Based Behavioral Economics

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>D90 General</dd>

<dd>D91 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making</dd>

<dd>D99 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E._Macroeconomics_and_Monetary_Economics"> E. Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>E00 <a href="Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">General</a></dd>

<dd>E01 Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts</dd>

<dd>E02 Institutions and the Macroeconomy</dd>

<dd>E03 Behavioral Macroeconomics</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>E1 General Aggregative Models

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>E10 General</dd>

<dd>E11 Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian</dd>

<dd>E12 Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian</dd>

<dd>E13 Neoclassical</dd>

<dd>E14 Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional</dd>

<dd>E16 Social Accounting Matrix</dd>

<dd>E17 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications</dd>

<dd>E19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>E2 Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>E20 General</dd>

<dd>E21 Consumption • Saving • Wealth</dd>

<dd>E22 Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity</dd>

<dd>E23 Production</dd>

<dd>E24 Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity</dd>

<dd>E25 Aggregate Factor Income Distribution</dd>

<dd>E26 Informal Economy • Underground Economy</dd>

<dd>E27 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications</dd>

<dd>E29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>E3 Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>E30 General</dd>

<dd>E31 Price Level • Inflation • Deflation</dd>

<dd>E32 Business Fluctuations • Cycles</dd>

<dd>E37 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications</dd>

<dd>E39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>E4 Money and Interest Rates

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>E40 <a href="Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">General</a></dd>

<dd>E41 Demand for Money</dd>

<dd>E42 Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems</dd>

<dd>E43 Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects</dd>

<dd>E44 Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy</dd>

<dd>E47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications</dd>

<dd>E49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>E5 Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>E50 General</dd>

<dd>E51 Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers</dd>

<dd>E52 Monetary Policy</dd>

<dd>E58 Central Banks and Their Policies</dd>

<dd>E59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>E6 Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>E60 General</dd>

<dd>E61 Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination</dd>

<dd>E62 Fiscal Policy</dd>

<dd>E63 Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy</dd>

<dd>E64 Incomes Policy • Price Policy</dd>

<dd>E65 Studies of Particular Policy Episodes</dd>

<dd>E66 General Outlook and Conditions</dd>

<dd>E69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F._International_Economics"> F. International Economics</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>F00 <a href="International_economics" title="International economics">General</a></dd>

<dd>F01 Global Outlook</dd>

<dd>F02 International Economic Order and Integration</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>F1 Trade

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>F10 General</dd>

<dd>F11 Neoclassical Models of Trade</dd>

<dd>F12 Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation</dd>

<dd>F13 Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations</dd>

<dd>F14 Empirical Studies of Trade</dd>

<dd>F15 Economic Integration</dd>

<dd>F16 Trade and Labor Market Interactions</dd>

<dd>F17 Trade Forecasting and Simulation</dd>

<dd>F18 Trade and Environment</dd>

<dd>F19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>F2 International Factor Movements and International Business

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>F20 General</dd>

<dd>F21 International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements</dd>

<dd>F22 International Migration</dd>

<dd>F23 Multinational Firms • International Business</dd>

<dd>F24 Remittances</dd>

<dd>F29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>F3 International Finance

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>F30 General</dd>

<dd>F31 Foreign Exchange</dd>

<dd>F32 Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements</dd>

<dd>F33 International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions</dd>

<dd>F34 International Lending and Debt Problems</dd>

<dd>F35 Foreign Aid</dd>

<dd>F36 Financial Aspects of Economic Integration</dd>

<dd>F37 International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications</dd>

<dd>F38 International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls</dd>

<dd>F39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>F4 Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>F40 General</dd>

<dd>F41 Open Economy Macroeconomics</dd>

<dd>F42 International Policy Coordination and Transmission</dd>

<dd>F43 Economic Growth of Open Economies</dd>

<dd>F44 International Business Cycles</dd>

<dd>F45 Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions</dd>

<dd>F47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications</dd>

<dd>F49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>F5 International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>F50 General</dd>

<dd>F51 International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions</dd>

<dd>F52 National Security • Economic Nationalism</dd>

<dd>F53 International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations</dd>

<dd>F54 Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism</dd>

<dd>F55 International Institutional Arrangements</dd>

<dd>F59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>F6 Economic Impacts of Globalization

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>F60 General</dd>

<dd>F61 Microeconomic Impacts</dd>

<dd>F62 Macroeconomic Impacts</dd>

<dd>F63 Economic Development</dd>

<dd>F64 Environment</dd>

<dd>F65 Finance</dd>

<dd>F66 Labor</dd>

<dd>F68 Policy</dd>

<dd>F69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G._Financial_Economics"> G. Financial Economics</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>G00 <a href="Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">General</a></dd>

<dd>G01 Financial Crises</dd>

<dd>G02 Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>G1 General Financial Markets

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>G10 General</dd>

<dd>G11 Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions</dd>

<dd>G12 Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates</dd>

<dd>G13 Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing</dd>

<dd>G14 Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading</dd>

<dd>G15 International Financial Markets</dd>

<dd>G17 Financial Forecasting and Simulation</dd>

<dd>G18 Government Policy and Regulation</dd>

<dd>G19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>G2 Financial Institutions and Services

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>G20 General</dd>

<dd>G21 <a href="Bank" title="Bank">Banks</a> • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages</dd>

<dd>G22 Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies</dd>

<dd>G23 Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors</dd>

<dd>G24 Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies</dd>

<dd>G28 Government Policy and Regulation</dd>

<dd>G29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>G3 Corporate Finance and Governance

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>G30 General</dd>

<dd>G31 Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity</dd>

<dd>G32 Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill</dd>

<dd>G33 Bankruptcy • Liquidation</dd>

<dd>G34 Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance</dd>

<dd>G35 Payout Policy</dd>

<dd>G38 Government Policy and Regulation</dd>

<dd>G39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="H._Public_Economics"> H. Public Economics</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>H00 <a href="Public_economics" title="Public economics">General</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>H1 Structure and Scope of Government

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>H10 General</dd>

<dd>H11 Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government</dd>

<dd>H12 Crisis Management</dd>

<dd>H13 Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization</dd>

<dd>H19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>H2 Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>H20 General</dd>

<dd>H21 Efficiency • Optimal Taxation</dd>

<dd>H22 Incidence</dd>

<dd>H23 Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies</dd>

<dd>H24 Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies</dd>

<dd>H25 Business Taxes and Subsidies</dd>

<dd>H26 Tax Evasion and Avoidance</dd>

<dd>H27 Other Sources of Revenue</dd>

<dd>H29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>H3 Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>H30 General</dd>

<dd>H31 Household</dd>

<dd>H39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>H4 Publicly Provided Goods

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>H40 General</dd>

<dd>H41 Public Goods</dd>

<dd>H42 Publicly Provided Private Goods</dd>

<dd>H43 Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate</dd>

<dd>H44 Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets</dd>

<dd>H49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>H5 National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>H50 General</dd>

<dd>H51 Government Expenditures and Health</dd>

<dd>H52 Government Expenditures and Education</dd>

<dd>H53 Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs</dd>

<dd>H54 Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock</dd>

<dd>H55 Social Security and Public Pensions</dd>

<dd>H56 National Security and War</dd>

<dd>H57 Procurement</dd>

<dd>H59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>H6 National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>H60 General</dd>

<dd>H61 Budget • Budget Systems</dd>

<dd>H62 Deficit • Surplus</dd>

<dd>H63 Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt</dd>

<dd>H68 Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt</dd>

<dd>H69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>H7 State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>H70 General</dd>

<dd>H71 State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue</dd>

<dd>H72 State and Local Budget and Expenditures</dd>

<dd>H73 Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects</dd>

<dd>H74 State and Local Borrowing</dd>

<dd>H75 State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions</dd>

<dd>H76 State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories</dd>

<dd>H77 Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession</dd>

<dd>H79 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>H8 Miscellaneous Issues

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>H80 General</dd>

<dd>H81 Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts</dd>

<dd>H82 Governmental Property</dd>

<dd>H83 Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits</dd>

<dd>H84 Disaster Aid</dd>

<dd>H87 International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods</dd>

<dd>H89 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I._Health,_Education,_and_Welfare"> I. Health, Education, and Welfare</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>I00 General</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>I1 <a href="Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>I10 General</dd>

<dd>I11 Analysis of Health Care Markets</dd>

<dd>I12 Health Behavior</dd>

<dd>I13 Health Insurance, Public and Private</dd>

<dd>I14 Health and Inequality</dd>

<dd>I15 Health and Economic Development</dd>

<dd>I18 Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health</dd>

<dd>I19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>I2 <a href="Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education and Research Institutions</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>I20 General</dd>

<dd>I21 Analysis of Education</dd>

<dd>I22 Educational Finance • Financial Aid</dd>

<dd>I23 Higher Education • Research Institutions</dd>

<dd>I24 Education and Inequality</dd>

<dd>I25 Education and Economic Development</dd>

<dd>I26 Returns to Education</dd>

<dd>I28 Government Policy</dd>

<dd>I29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>I3 <a href="Social_welfare_provision" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare provision">Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>I30 General</dd>

<dd>I31 General Welfare, Well-Being</dd>

<dd>I32 Measurement and Analysis of Poverty</dd>

<dd>I38 Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs</dd>

<dd>I39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="J._Labor_and_Demographic_Economics"> J. Labor and Demographic Economics</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>J00 General</dd>

<dd>J01 <a href="Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labor Economics</a>: General</dd>

<dd>J08 <a href="Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labor Economics</a>: Policies</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>J1 <a href="Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic Economics</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>J10 General</dd>

<dd>J11 Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts</dd>

<dd>J12 Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse</dd>

<dd>J13 Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth</dd>

<dd>J14 Economics of the Elderly • Economics of the Handicapped • Non-Labor Market Discrimination</dd>

<dd>J15 Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination</dd>

<dd>J16 Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination</dd>

<dd>J17 Value of Life • Forgone Income</dd>

<dd>J18 Public Policy</dd>

<dd>J19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>J2 Demand and Supply of Labor

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>J20 General</dd>

<dd>J21 Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure</dd>

<dd>J22 Time Allocation and Labor Supply</dd>

<dd>J23 Labor Demand</dd>

<dd>J24 Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity</dd>

<dd>J26 Retirement • Retirement Policies</dd>

<dd>J28 Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy</dd>

<dd>J29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>J3 Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>J30 General</dd>

<dd>J31 Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials</dd>

<dd>J32 Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions</dd>

<dd>J33 Compensation Packages • Payment Methods</dd>

<dd>J38 Public Policy</dd>

<dd>J39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>J4 Particular Labor Markets

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>J40 General</dd>

<dd>J41 Labor Contracts</dd>

<dd>J42 Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets</dd>

<dd>J43 Agricultural Labor Markets</dd>

<dd>J44 Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing</dd>

<dd>J45 Public Sector Labor Markets</dd>

<dd>J46 Informal Labor Markets</dd>

<dd>J47 Coercive Labor Markets</dd>

<dd>J48 Public Policy</dd>

<dd>J49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>J5 Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>J50 General</dd>

<dd>J51 Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects</dd>

<dd>J52 Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining</dd>

<dd>J53 Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence</dd>

<dd>J54 Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership</dd>

<dd>J58 Public Policy</dd>

<dd>J59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>J6 Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>J60 General</dd>

<dd>J61 Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers</dd>

<dd>J62 Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility</dd>

<dd>J63 Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs</dd>

<dd>J64 Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search</dd>

<dd>J65 Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings</dd>

<dd>J68 Public Policy</dd>

<dd>J69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>J7 Labor Discrimination

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>J70 General</dd>

<dd>J71 Discrimination</dd>

<dd>J78 Public Policy</dd>

<dd>J79 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>J8 Labor Standards: National and International

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>J80 General</dd>

<dd>J81 Working Conditions</dd>

<dd>J82 Labor Force Composition</dd>

<dd>J83 Workers' Rights</dd>

<dd>J88 Public Policy</dd>

<dd>J89 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="K._Law_and_Economics"> K. Law and Economics</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>K00 <a href="Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">General</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>K1 Basic Areas of Law

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>K10 General</dd>

<dd>K11 <a href="Property_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Property Law">Property Law</a></dd>

<dd>K12 <a href="Contract_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract Law">Contract Law</a></dd>

<dd>K13 Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics</dd>

<dd>K14 Criminal Law</dd>

<dd>K15 Civil Law • Common Law</dd>

<dd>K16 Election Law</dd>

<dd>K19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>K2 Regulation and Business Law

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>K20 General</dd>

<dd>K21 Antitrust Law</dd>

<dd>K22 Business and Securities Law</dd>

<dd>K23 Regulated Industries and Administrative Law</dd>

<dd>K24 Cyber Law</dd>

<dd>K25 Real Estate Law</dd>

<dd>K29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>K3 Other Substantive Areas of Law

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>K30 General</dd>

<dd>K31 Labor Law</dd>

<dd>K32 Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law</dd>

<dd>K33 International Law</dd>

<dd>K35 Personal Bankruptcy Law</dd>

<dd>K36 Family and Personal Law</dd>

<dd>K37 Immigration Law</dd>

<dd>K38 Human Rights Law • Gender Law</dd>

<dd>K39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>K4 Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>K40 General</dd>

<dd>K41 Litigation Process</dd>

<dd>K42 Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law</dd>

<dd>K49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L._Industrial_Organization"> L. Industrial Organization</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>L00 <a href="Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">General</a></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>L1 Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>L10 General</dd>

<dd>L11 Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms</dd>

<dd>L12 Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies</dd>

<dd>L13 Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets</dd>

<dd>L14 Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks</dd>

<dd>L15 Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility</dd>

<dd>L16 Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices</dd>

<dd>L17 Open Source Products and Markets</dd>

<dd>L19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>L2 Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>L20 General</dd>

<dd>L21 Business Objectives of the Firm</dd>

<dd>L22 Firm Organization and Market Structure</dd>

<dd>L23 Organization of Production</dd>

<dd>L24 Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing</dd>

<dd>L25 Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope</dd>

<dd>L26 Entrepreneurship</dd>

<dd>L29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>L3 Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>L30 General</dd>

<dd>L31 Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship</dd>

<dd>L32 Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises</dd>

<dd>L33 Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out</dd>

<dd>L38 Public Policy</dd>

<dd>L39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>L4 Antitrust Issues and Policies

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>L40 General</dd>

<dd>L41 Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices</dd>

<dd>L42 Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts</dd>

<dd>L43 Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation</dd>

<dd>L44 Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations</dd>

<dd>L49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>L5 Regulation and Industrial Policy

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>L50 General</dd>

<dd>L51 Economics of Regulation</dd>

<dd>L52 Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods</dd>

<dd>L53 Enterprise Policy</dd>

<dd>L59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>L6 Industry Studies: Manufacturing

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>L60 General</dd>

<dd>L61 Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics</dd>

<dd>L62 Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment</dd>

<dd>L63 Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment</dd>

<dd>L64 Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments</dd>

<dd>L65 Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics</dd>

<dd>L66 Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits</dd>

<dd>L67 Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment</dd>

<dd>L68 Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables</dd>

<dd>L69 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>L7 Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>L70 General</dd>

<dd>L71 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels</dd>

<dd>L72 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources</dd>

<dd>L73 Forest Products</dd>

<dd>L74 Construction</dd>

<dd>L78 Government Policy</dd>

<dd>L79 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>L8 Industry Studies: Services

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>L80 General</dd>

<dd>L81 Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce</dd>

<dd>L82 Entertainment • Media</dd>

<dd>L83 Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism</dd>

<dd>L84 Personal, Professional, and Business Services</dd>

<dd>L85 Real Estate Services</dd>

<dd>L86 Information and Internet Services • Computer Software</dd>

<dd>L87 Postal and Delivery Services</dd>

<dd>L88 Government Policy</dd>

<dd>L89 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>L9 Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>L90 General</dd>

<dd>L91 Transportation: General</dd>

<dd>L92 Railroads and Other Surface Transportation</dd>

<dd>L93 Air Transportation</dd>

<dd>L94 Electric Utilities</dd>

<dd>L95 Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities</dd>

<dd>L96 Telecommunications</dd>

<dd>L97 Utilities: General</dd>

<dd>L98 Government Policy</dd>

<dd>L99 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M._Business_Administration_and_Business_Economics_•_Marketing_•_Accounting_•_Personnel_Economics"> M. Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>M00 General</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>M1 Business Administration

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>M10 <a href="Business_administration" title="Business administration">General</a></dd>

<dd>M11 Production Management</dd>

<dd>M12 Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation</dd>

<dd>M13 New Firms • Startups</dd>

<dd>M14 Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility</dd>

<dd>M15 IT Management</dd>

<dd>M16 International Business Administration</dd>

<dd>M19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>M2 Business Economics

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>M20 General</dd>

<dd>M21 <a href="Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business Economics</a></dd>

<dd>M29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>M3 Marketing and Advertising

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>M30 General</dd>

<dd>M31 <a href="Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></dd>

<dd>M37 <a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></dd>

<dd>M38 Government Policy and Regulation</dd>

<dd>M39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>M4 Accounting and Auditing

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>M40 General</dd>

<dd>M41 <a href="Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></dd>

<dd>M42 <a href="Auditing" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditing">Auditing</a></dd>

<dd>M48 Government Policy and Regulation</dd>

<dd>M49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>M5 Personnel Economics

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>M50 <a href="Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">General</a></dd>

<dd>M51 Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions</dd>

<dd>M52 Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects</dd>

<dd>M53 Training</dd>

<dd>M54 Labor Management</dd>

<dd>M55 Labor Contracting Devices</dd>

<dd>M59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="N._Economic_History"> N. Economic History</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>N00 <a href="Economic_history" title="Economic history">General</a></dd>

<dd>N01 Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>N1 Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>N10 General, International, or Comparative</dd>

<dd>N11 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N12 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N13 Europe: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N14 Europe: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N15 Asia including Middle East</dd>

<dd>N16 Latin America • Caribbean</dd>

<dd>N17 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>N2 Financial Markets and Institutions

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>N20 General, International, or Comparative</dd>

<dd>N21 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N22 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N23 Europe: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N24 Europe: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N25 Asia including Middle East</dd>

<dd>N26 Latin America • Caribbean</dd>

<dd>N27 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>N3 Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>N30 General, International, or Comparative</dd>

<dd>N31 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N32 U.S. • Canada: 1913-</dd>

<dd>N33 Europe: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N34 Europe: 1913-</dd>

<dd>N35 Asia including Middle East</dd>

<dd>N36 Latin America • Caribbean</dd>

<dd>N37 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>N4 Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>N40 General, International, or Comparative</dd>

<dd>N41 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N42 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N43 Europe: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N44 Europe: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N45 Asia including Middle East</dd>

<dd>N46 Latin America • Caribbean</dd>

<dd>N47 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>N5 Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>N50 General, International, or Comparative</dd>

<dd>N51 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N52 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N53 Europe: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N54 Europe: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N55 Asia including Middle East</dd>

<dd>N56 Latin America • Caribbean</dd>

<dd>N57 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>N6 Manufacturing and Construction

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>N60 General, International, or Comparative</dd>

<dd>N61 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N62 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N63 Europe: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N64 Europe: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N65 Asia including Middle East</dd>

<dd>N66 Latin America • Caribbean</dd>

<dd>N67 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>N7 Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>N70 General, International, or Comparative</dd>

<dd>N71 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N72 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N73 Europe: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N74 Europe: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N75 Asia including Middle East</dd>

<dd>N76 Latin America • Caribbean</dd>

<dd>N77 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>N8 Micro-Business History

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>N80 General, International, or Comparative</dd>

<dd>N81 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N82 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N83 Europe: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N84 Europe: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N85 Asia including Middle East</dd>

<dd>N86 Latin America • Caribbean</dd>

<dd>N87 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>N9 Regional and Urban History

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>N90 General, International, or Comparative</dd>

<dd>N91 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N92 U.S. • Canada: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N93 Europe: Pre-1913</dd>

<dd>N94 Europe: 1913–</dd>

<dd>N95 Asia including Middle East</dd>

<dd>N96 Latin America • Caribbean</dd>

<dd>N97 Africa • Oceania</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="O._Economic_Development,_Innovation,_Technological_Change,_and_Growth"> O. Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth</h3></div>

<p>O1 <a href="Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic Development</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>O10 General</dd>

<dd>O11 Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development</dd>

<dd>O12 Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development</dd>

<dd>O13 Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products</dd>

<dd>O14 Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology</dd>

<dd>O15 Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration</dd>

<dd>O16 Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance</dd>

<dd>O17 Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements</dd>

<dd>O18 Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure</dd>

<dd>O19 International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>O2 Development Planning and Policy

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>O20 General</dd>

<dd>O21 Planning Models • Planning Policy</dd>

<dd>O22 Project Analysis</dd>

<dd>O23 Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development</dd>

<dd>O24 Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy</dd>

<dd>O25 Industrial Policy</dd>

<dd>O29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>O3 <a href="Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a> • <a href="Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and Development</a> • <a href="Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological Change</a> • <a href="Intellectual_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property rights">Intellectual Property Rights</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>O30 General</dd>

<dd>O31 Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives</dd>

<dd>O32 Management of Technological Innovation and R&D</dd>

<dd>O33 Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes</dd>

<dd>O34 Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital</dd>

<dd>O35 Social Innovation</dd>

<dd>O38 Government Policy</dd>

<dd>O39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>O4 <a href="Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic Growth</a> and Aggregate Productivity

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>O40 General</dd>

<dd>O41 One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models</dd>

<dd>O42 Monetary Growth Models</dd>

<dd>O43 Institutions and Growth</dd>

<dd>O44 Environment and Growth</dd>

<dd>O47 Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence</dd>

<dd>O49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>O5 Economywide Country Studies

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>O50 General</dd>

<dd>O51 U.S. • Canada</dd>

<dd>O52 Europe</dd>

<dd>O53 Asia including Middle East</dd>

<dd>O54 Latin America • Caribbean</dd>

<dd>O55 Africa</dd>

<dd>O56 Oceania</dd>

<dd>O57 Comparative Studies of Countries</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="P._Economic_Systems"> P. Economic Systems</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>P00 General</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>P1 Capitalist Systems

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>P10 General</dd>

<dd>P11 Planning, Coordination, and Reform</dd>

<dd>P12 Capitalist Enterprises</dd>

<dd>P13 Cooperative Enterprises</dd>

<dd>P14 Property Rights</dd>

<dd>P16 Political Economy</dd>

<dd>P17 Performance and Prospects</dd>

<dd>P18 Energy • Environment</dd>

<dd>P19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>P2 Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>P20 General</dd>

<dd>P21 Planning, Coordination, and Reform</dd>

<dd>P22 Prices</dd>

<dd>P23 Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population</dd>

<dd>P24 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation</dd>

<dd>P25 Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics</dd>

<dd>P26 Political Economy • Property Rights</dd>

<dd>P27 Performance and Prospects</dd>

<dd>P28 Natural Resources • Energy • Environment</dd>

<dd>P29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>P3 Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>P30 General</dd>

<dd>P31 Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions</dd>

<dd>P32 Collectives • Communes • Agriculture</dd>

<dd>P33 International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid</dd>

<dd>P34 Financial Economics</dd>

<dd>P35 Public Economics</dd>

<dd>P36 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty</dd>

<dd>P37 Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior</dd>

<dd>P39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>P4 Other Economic Systems

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>P40 General</dd>

<dd>P41 Planning, Coordination, and Reform</dd>

<dd>P42 Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population</dd>

<dd>P43 Public Economics • Financial Economics</dd>

<dd>P44 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation</dd>

<dd>P45 International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid</dd>

<dd>P46 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty</dd>

<dd>P47 Performance and Prospects</dd>

<dd>P48 Political Economy • Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies</dd>

<dd>P49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>P5 <a href="Comparative_economic_systems" title="Comparative economic systems">Comparative Economic Systems</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>P50 General</dd>

<dd>P51 Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems</dd>

<dd>P52 Comparative Studies of Particular Economies</dd>

<dd>P59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Q._Agricultural_and_Natural_Resource_Economics_•_Environmental_and_Ecological_Economics"> Q. Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Q00 General</dd>

<dd>Q01 <a href="Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable Development</a></dd>

<dd>Q02 Commodity Markets</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Q1 <a href="Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agriculture</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Q10 General</dd>

<dd>Q11 Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices</dd>

<dd>Q12 Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets</dd>

<dd>Q13 Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness</dd>

<dd>Q14 Agricultural Finance</dd>

<dd>Q15 Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment</dd>

<dd>Q16 R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services</dd>

<dd>Q17 Agriculture in International Trade</dd>

<dd>Q18 Agricultural Policy • Food Policy</dd>

<dd>Q19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Q2 <a href="Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Renewable Resources and Conservation</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Q20 General</dd>

<dd>Q21 Demand and Supply • Prices</dd>

<dd>Q22 Fishery • Aquaculture</dd>

<dd>Q23 Forestry</dd>

<dd>Q25 Water</dd>

<dd>Q26 Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources</dd>

<dd>Q27 Issues in International Trade</dd>

<dd>Q28 Government Policy</dd>

<dd>Q29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Q3 Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Q30 General</dd>

<dd>Q31 Demand and Supply • Prices</dd>

<dd>Q32 Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development</dd>

<dd>Q33 Resource Booms</dd>

<dd>Q34 Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts</dd>

<dd>Q35 Hydrocarbon Resources</dd>

<dd>Q37 Issues in International Trade</dd>

<dd>Q38 Government Policy</dd>

<dd>Q39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Q4 Energy

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Q40 General</dd>

<dd>Q41 Demand and Supply • Prices</dd>

<dd>Q42 Alternative Energy Sources</dd>

<dd>Q43 Energy and the Macroeconomy</dd>

<dd>Q47 Energy Forecasting</dd>

<dd>Q48 Government Policy</dd>

<dd>Q49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Q5 <a href="Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental Economics</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Q50 General</dd>

<dd>Q51 Valuation of Environmental Effects</dd>

<dd>Q52 Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects</dd>

<dd>Q53 Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling</dd>

<dd>Q54 Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming</dd>

<dd>Q55 Technological Innovation</dd>

<dd>Q56 Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth</dd>

<dd>Q57 <a href="Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services</a> • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology</dd>

<dd>Q58 Government Policy</dd>

<dd>Q59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="R._Urban,_Rural,_Regional,_Real_Estate,_and_Transportation_Economics"> R. Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>R00 General</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>R1 <a href="Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">General Regional Economics</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>R10 General</dd>

<dd>R11 Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes</dd>

<dd>R12 Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity</dd>

<dd>R13 General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies</dd>

<dd>R14 Land Use Patterns</dd>

<dd>R15 Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models</dd>

<dd>R19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>R2 <a href="Real_estate" title="Real estate">Household Analysis</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>R20 General</dd>

<dd>R21 Housing Demand</dd>

<dd>R22 Other Demand</dd>

<dd>R23 Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics</dd>

<dd>R28 Government Policy</dd>

<dd>R29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>R3 <a href="Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>R30 General</dd>

<dd>R31 Housing Supply and Markets</dd>

<dd>R32 Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis</dd>

<dd>R33 Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets</dd>

<dd>R38 Government Policy</dd>

<dd>R39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>R4 <a href="Transportation_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation economics">Transportation Economics</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>R40 General</dd>

<dd>R41 Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise</dd>

<dd>R42 Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning</dd>

<dd>R48 Government Pricing and Policy</dd>

<dd>R49 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>R5 Regional Government Analysis

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>R50 General</dd>

<dd>R51 Finance in <a href="Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a> and <a href="Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural Economies</a></dd>

<dd>R52 Land Use and Other Regulations</dd>

<dd>R53 Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock</dd>

<dd>R58 Regional Development Planning and Policy</dd>

<dd>R59 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y._Miscellaneous_Categories"> Y. Miscellaneous Categories</h3></div>

<p>Y1 Data: Tables and Charts

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Y10 Data: Tables and Charts</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Y2 Introductory Material

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Y20 Introductory Material</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Y3 Book Reviews (unclassified)

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Y30 Book Reviews (unclassified)</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Y4 Dissertations (unclassified)

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Y40 Dissertations (unclassified)</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Y5 Further Reading (unclassified)

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Y50 Further Reading (unclassified)</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Y6 Excerpts

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Y60 Excerpts</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Y7 No Author General Discussions

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Y70 No Author General Discussions</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Y8 Related Disciplines

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Y80 Related Disciplines</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Y9 Other

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Y90 Other</dd>

<dd>Y91 Pictures and Maps</dd>

<dd>Y92 Novels, Self-Help Books, etc.</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Z._Other_Special_Topics"> Z. Other Special Topics</h3></div>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Z00 General</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Z1 <a href="Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural Economics</a> • <a href="Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic Sociology</a> • <a href="Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic Anthropology</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Z10 General</dd>

<dd>Z11 <a href="Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of the Arts and Literature</a></dd>

<dd>Z12 <a href="Economics_of_religion" title="Economics of religion">Religion</a></dd>

<dd>Z13 <a href="Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic Sociology</a> • <a href="Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic Anthropology</a> • <a href="Economics_of_language" title="Economics of language">Language</a> • <a href="Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social</a> and <a href="Economic_stratification" title="Economic stratification">Economic Stratification</a></dd>

<dd>Z18 Public Policy</dd>

<dd>Z19 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Z2 <a href="Sport_management" title="Sport management">Sports Economics</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Z20 General</dd>

<dd>Z21 Industry Studies</dd>

<dd>Z22 Labor Issues</dd>

<dd>Z23 Finance</dd>

<dd>Z28 Policy</dd>

<dd>Z29 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Z3 <a href="Tourism_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism economics">Tourism Economics</a>

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>Z30 General</dd>

<dd>Z31 Industry Studies</dd>

<dd>Z32 Tourism and Development</dd>

<dd>Z33 Marketing and Finance</dd>

<dd>Z38 Policy</dd>

<dd>Z39 Other</dd></dl></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Alpha"><b><a href="#ref_Alpha">^α</a></b></span> JEL codes A through Z denote primary categories (e.g. <i><b>D</b> Microeconomics</i>). Secondary categories are specified by an additional Arabic numeral (e.g. <i>D<b>3</b> Distribution</i>), tertiary categories by a following second Arabic numeral (e.g. <i>D3<b>0</b> General</i>). Articles in economics publications use JEL codes in this manner: <i>JEL: B12</i>.</dd>

<dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Beta"><b><a href="#ref_Beta">^β</a></b></span> Developed in the context of the <a href="Journal_of_Economic_Literature" title="Journal of Economic Literature">Journal of Economic Literature</a>, the JEL classification system became a standard method of classifying economics literature, including journal articles, books, collective volume articles, dissertations, working papers in economics, book reviews from the <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>, and <a href="EconLit" title="EconLit">EconLit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AEA-JEL-2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEA-JEL-2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/index.php">EconLit – American Economic Association</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Works cited in the <i>Index of Economic Articles</i> are classified by author and subject. Coverage includes v. 1-7 for 1886–1965 and v. 8-36 for each year thereafter to 1996 (per Baylor University Libraries, "International Business Sources", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/14779.pdf">p. 1</a>).</span>

</li>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/jelCodes.php?view=jel">"JEL Classification System / EconLit Subject Descriptors"</a>. <i>American Economic Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An alphabetic list of category links constructed as corresponding JEL-code (sub)categories and listed below is at Category:Categories which are included in the JEL classification codes.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/jelCodes.php">Full list of JEL classifications</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php">JEL Classification Codes Guide</a>, a more detailed explanation of the classification system</li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/displayjel.cfm">"Browse JEL Classification Codes"</a>. <i><a href="SSRN" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN">SSRN</a> (Social Science Research Network)</i>. Elsevier.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-09" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=JEL_classification_codes&oldid=1299664597">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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